INTRODUCTION:

Disposal of wastes is now a largely the domain of sanitarians and public health engineers. However, health professionals need to have a basic knowledge of the subject since improper disposal of wastes constitutes a health hazard. Further the health professional may be called to give in some special situations, such as camp sanitations or coping with waste disposal problems when there is a disruption or breakdown of community health services in natural disasters¹.

Swachh Bharat mission led by the Government of India seeks to make India a clean nation. This campaign was launched officially by the Government of India on 145^th birthday anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat, New Delhi with the aim to make India a clean nation by 2^nd of October 2019.On the day of launched, Prime Minister has nominated nine personalities to involve other nine people at their own end individually to continue this chain further and further until the message reaches each and every Indian.²

The improper management and lack of disposal technique of the domestic waste pollutes to the environment. It affects the water bodies. It also changes the physical, chemical and biological properties of the water bodies. Uncollected waste is scattered everywhere and reaches to the water bodies through run-off as well as it percolate to underground water. The toxics contain in the waste, contaminates water. It also makes soil infertile and decrease the agricultural productivity.³

There is a reluctance to acknowledge the home as a setting of equal importance along with the public institutions in the chain of disease transmission in the community. Managers of home hygiene and community hygiene must act in unison to optimize return from efforts to promote public health. Current practices and perceptions of domestic and personal hygiene in Indian communities, the existing levels of environmental and peri-domestic sanitation and the 'health risk' these pose will be outlined, as well as the need for an integrated action for improving hygiene behaviour and access to safe water and sanitation.⁴

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

A study to assess the knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management in urban population of Patna.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To assess the knowledge score of women regarding household waste management.

2. To assess the attitude score of women regarding household waste management.

3. To find out the significant association of knowledge and attitude score of women with selected demographic variables.

4. To find out the correlation between the levels of knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management.

Assumptions:

Women may have less knowledge regarding household waste disposal.

Inclusion Criteria:

· Women residing in Shastrinagar, AG colony and Sheikhpura, Patna.

· Women who are in the age group 21- 65 years.

· Women who are present at the time of data collection.

· Women who are willing to participate.

· Women who can read and write in Hindi and English.

· Women who are the family members of designated house.

Exclusion Criteria:

· Women who are sick at the time of data collection.

· Women who are visiting guest of the designated house.

methodology:

Research Approach:

The research approach adopted for present study was quantitative research approach. This approach would help the investigator to assess the knowledge and attitude of women regarding house hold management.

Research Design:

In present study investigator selected descriptive research design to assess the knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management in urban population of Patna.

Setting:

The study was conducted in Shastrinagar, AG colony and Sheikhpura, Patna.

Sample Size:

150 women.

Variable:

Independent Variables:

a) Demographic Variable:

Age, marital status, religion, types of family, No. of the people in the household, types of house, educational status, employment status, family’s monthly income (Rs.).

b) Dependent variables:

Knowledge and attitude of women regarding household management.

Population:

In present study the target population comprised of Women aged between 21 - 65 years residing in Shastrinagar, AG colony, Sheikhpura of Patna.

Sample and sampling Technique:

Those women who were residing in selected area and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected as subjects. Purposive Sampling Technique was employed to collect data.

Description of Tool:

Self-Structured Questionnaire for knowledge assessment and Checklist for attitude.

Data collection instruments:

In this study data collection instruments was self structured knowledge questionnaire.

Description of tool:

Self-Structured knowledge questionnaire which consists of socio demographic variables and knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale on household waste management.

Part I:

The first part of the tool consisted of demographic information of women regarding age, marital status, religion, types of family, Number of the people in the household, types of house, educational status, employment status, family’s monthly income (Rs.).

Part II:

Self-Structured multiple choice questions regarding different aspects of household waste management to assess the knowledge of women. This questionnaire consisted of 12 MCQ, each item consists of one correct answer among the four choices and each correct answer carries one mark. Total score is 12. For right answer score = 1For wrong answer score = 0

Part III:

This part consisted of attitude scale based on 4 point Likert’s scale. Strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree, and disagree. There were 13 statements to assess the attitude of women regarding household management. Positive and negative statements were selected. The positive responses were quantified by giving 4 for strongly agree, 3 for agree, 2 for strongly disagree. Negative responses were reversed scored.

Content validity:

The initial draft was given to the thirteen experts. The experts were requested to validate the questionnaire based on the criteria and to give suggestions on the adequacy and relevance of the content. Based on the experts’ opinion some of the content has been modified.

Ethical Consideration:

The written permission was sought from ethical committee of IGIMS Hospital,

Permission was obtained from the Ward commissioner of respected wards.

Prior information and informed consent was obtained from each study subjects.

Anonymity and confidentiality of subjects was maintained.

Data collection procedure:

The data collection procedure was carried out in the month of December, 2017. Self-Structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale was distributed to those who were willing to participate in the study. No difficulty was faced by the investigator during the data collection process.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

Section A: Description of Socio-Demographic variables.

In this section analysis of Socio-Demographic variables of the subjects is described in terms of women regarding age, marital status, religion, types of family, Number of the people in the household, types of house, educational status, employment status, family’s monthly income (Rs.).

The findings are presented in table 1.

Table No. 1 Frequency and percentage distribution of the study subjects as per Socio Demographic variables N= 150

S. No	Demographic variables	Frequency	Percent
1	Age (in years)
	a. Up to 25	23	15.33
	b. 26-35	56	37.33
	c. 36-45	29	19.34
	d. 46-55	30	20
	e. Above 55	12	8
2	Marital status
	a. Married	127	84.67
	b. Unmarried	18	12
	c. Widow	5	3.33
3	Religion
	a. Hindu	129	86
	b. Christian	16	10.67
	c. Muslim	5	3.33
4	Educational status
	a. Intermediate	35	23.33
	b. Matric	42	28
	c. GNM	9	6
	d. Graduate	58	38.67
	e. Post graduate	6	4
5	Employment status
	a. Govt. job	27	18
	b. Private job	14	9.33
	c. Housewife	83	55.33
	d. Lecturer/Teacher	10	6.67
	e. Staff Nurse	9	6
	f. Student	7	4.67
6	Type of family
	a. Joint family	48	32
	b. Nuclear family	102	68
7	Number of people live in household
	a. Up to 3	12	8
	b. Four	34	22.67
	c. Five	35	23.33
	d. Six	30	20
	e. Above 6	39	26
8	Family’s income (in Rs.) per month
	a. Below 20000	30	20
	b. 20000-25000	48	32
	c. 25001-30000	25	16.67
	d. 30001-40000	11	7.33
	e. 40001-50000	13	8.67
	f. Above 55000	23	15.33

According to their age shows that 15.33 % of the respondents were in the age group of Up to 25 years, 37.33 % of the respondents were in the age group of 26-35 years, 19.33 % of the respondents were in the age group of 36 - 45 years, 20.00 % of the respondents were in the age group of 46 - 55 years, and 8.00 % of the respondents were in the age group of Above 55 years. Thus it can be interpreted that highest percentage was in the age group of 26 - 35 years.

According to their marital status the samples (84.67 %) of the respondents are married, 12.00% are unmarried and remaining 3.33% of the respondents are widows. Thus it can be interpreted that highest percentage was married.

According to religion, 86 percent of the respondents are Hindus, 10.67 % of the respondents are Christians and only 3.33 % of them are Muslims. Thus it can be interpreted that highest percentage was Hindus.

According to their education status 23.33% of the respondents have Intermediate education, 28.00% percent of them have Matric education, 6.00% percent of them have GNM education, 38.67% percent of them have Graduate and 4.00% were have Post Graduate education. It seems that most of the respondents have Graduate education.

The employment status shows that 18.00% of the respondents are Govt. job, 9.33% of the respondents are Private Job, 55.33% of the respondents are Housewife, 6.67% of the respondents are Lecturer/Teacher, 6.00% of the respondents are Staff nurse and 4.67% of the respondents are Student. It can be concluded that most of the respondents are housewife.

According to type of family 32 % are from joint family and remaining 68 % are from nuclear family. Thus it can be interpreted that highest percentage was from nuclear family.

The distribution of number of People live in household shows that 8 % have up to 3, 22.67 % have four, 23.33 % have five, 20 % have six and remaining 26 % have above 6 persons in the household.

According to their family’s income (Rs.) per month reveals that 20% of respondents have Family’s income (Rs.) per month of below 20000, 32% of them have 20000-25000, 16.67% of them have 25001-30000, 7.33% of them have 30001-40000, 8.67% of them have 40001-50000 and 16% have above 55000. It shows that most of the respondents have 20000-25000 per month.

Section B:

Objective 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge score of women regarding household waste management. N=150

Table 2:

Knowledge level	Knowledge score	n (%)
Inadequate	≤ 4	16
Average	5-8	20
Adequate	≥ 8	64

Maximum Score =12 Minimum Score = 0

Table 2 depicts that maximum number of women (64%) has adequate knowledge, followed by (20%) average knowledge and (16%) inadequate knowledge. Thus it can be concluded that maximum number of women (64%) had adequate knowledge regarding household waste management.

Table 3 Mean percentage of knowledge of women regarding household waste management.

	N	Range		Mean	SD	Mean%
		Min	Max
Knowledge	150	2	12	9.75	2.25	81.22

It could be noted from the Table 2 that the knowledge was ranged between 2 and 12 with an average of 9.75 with the mean % of 81.22

Objective 2: Mean percentage of attitude of women regarding household waste management. Frequency and percentage distribution of attitude score of women regarding household waste management.

Table 4: N=150

Level of attitude	Attitude	n (%)
Low	≤ 4	21.33
Medium	5-8	25.33
High	≥ 8	53.34

Maximum Score = 8 Minimum Score = 0

Table 4 depicts that maximum (53.34%) women had highly positive attitude followed by (25.33%) medium level and (21.33%) women had low level of attitude towards household waste management. Thus it can be concluded that maximum women had positive attitude towards household waste management.

Table 5: Mean percentage of attitude of women regarding household waste management.

	N	Range		Mean	SD	Mean %
		Min	Max
Attitude	150	14	34	23.39	4.12	44.99

It could be noted from the Table 4 that the overall attitude was ranged between 14 and 34 with an average of 23.39 with the mean% of 44.99.

Table 6: Association between the levels of knowledge with respect to demographic variables, N=150

		Knowledge level						Chi Square Df P
		Inadequate		Average		Adequate
		N	%	N	%	N	%
Age (in years)	Up to 25	5	22	6	26	12	52
	26 - 35	9	16	11	20	36	64	2.66
	36 - 45	5	17	6	21	18	62	8
	46 - 55	4	13	5	17	21	70	0.954 (NS)
	Above 55	1	8	2	17	9	75
Marital status	Married	19	15	26	20	82	65	0.73
	Unmarried	4	22	3	17	11	61	4
	Widow	1	20	1	20	3	60	0.948 (NS)
Religion	Hindu	21	16	28	22	80	62	2.71
	Christian	2	13	1	6	13	81	4
	Muslim	1	20	1	20	3	60	0.607 (NS)
Educational status	Intermediate	9	26	7	20	19	54
	Matric	9	21	12	29	21	50	14.75
	GNM			3	33	6	67	8
	Graduate	5	9	8	14	45	78	0.064 (NS)
	Post Graduate	1	17			5	83
Type of family	Joint family	5	10	5	10	38	79	7.15 2 0.028 (S)
Type of family	Nuclear family	19	19	25	25	58	57	7.15 2 0.028 (S)
No. of People live in household	Up to 3	2	17	5	42	5	42
	Four	4	12	5	15	25	74	18.82
	Five	10	29	8	23	17	49	8
	Six	6	20	8	27	16	53	0.016 (S)
	Above 6	2	5	4	10	33	85
Employment status	Govt. job	4	15	3	11	20	74
	Private job			3	21	11	79	21.51
	Housewife	16	19	18	22	49	59	10
	Lecturer/Teacher			1	10	9	90	0.018 (S)
	Staff nurse			4	44	5	56
	Student	4	57	1	14	2	29
Family's income (Rs.) per month	Below 20000	7	23	6	20	17	57
	20000 - 25000	9	19	12	25	27	56	24.37
	25001 - 30000	7	28	2	8	16	64	10
	30001 - 40000			6	55	5	45	0.007 (S)
	40001 - 50000	1	8	2	15	10	77
	Above 55000			2	9	21	91
Total		24	16	30	20	96	64	150

* NS= Not Significant, S= Significant

Table 7: Association between the levels of attitude of women regarding household waste management with respect to demographic variables N=150

		Attitude level						Chi Square Df P
		Low		Medium		High
		N	%	N	N	%	N
Age ( in years)	Up to 25	6	26	1	4	16	70
	26 - 35	14	25	14	25	28	50	9.29
	36 - 45	6	21	8	28	15	52	8
	46 - 55	5	17	10	33	15	50	0.318(NS)
	Above 55	1	8	5	42	6	50
Marital status	Married	26	20	34	27	67	53	7.30
	Unmarried	5	28	1	6	12	67	4
	Widow	1	20	3	60	1	20	0.121(NS)
Religion	Hindu	30	23	30	23	69	53	4.88
	Christian	2	13	5	31	9	56	4
	Muslim			3	60	2	40	0.300(NS)
Educational status	Intermediate	3	9	18	51	14	40
	Matric	17	40	10	24	15	36	34.19
	GNM			2	22	7	78	8
	Graduate	10	17	8	14	40	69	0.001(S)
	Post Graduate	2	33			4	67
Type of family	Joint family	11	23	12	25	25	52	0.11 2 0.948 (NS)
Type of family	Nuclear family	21	21	26	25	55	54	0.11 2 0.948 (NS)
No. of People live in household	Up to 3	3	25	2	17	7	58
	Four	5	15	8	24	21	62	5.45
	Five	8	23	11	31	16	46	8
	Six	5	17	10	33	15	50	0.709 (NS)
	Above 6	11	28	7	18	21	54
Employment status	Govt. job	9	33	6	22	12	44
	Private job	4	29	2	14	8	57	19.34
	Housewife	17	20	28	34	38	46	10
	Lecturer/Teacher			1	10	9	90	0.036 (S)
	Staff nurse			1	11	8	89
	Student	2	29			5	71
Family's income (Rs.) per month	Below 20000	13	43	10	33	7	23
	20000 - 25000	10	21	15	31	23	48	24.55
	25001 - 30000	4	16	3	12	18	72	10
	30001 - 40000	2	18	1	9	8	73	0.006 (S)
	40001 - 50000	2	15	2	15	9	69
	Above 55000	1	4	7	30	15	65
Total		32	21	38	25	80	53	150

* NS= Not Significant, S= Significant

This section dealt with association of knowledge of women regarding household waste management related to the demographic variables. The cross tabulation analysis was employed effectively and the results of chi square analysis were observed and shown in Table 6. It shows that the knowledge level of 16% of the respondents is inadequate, the knowledge level of 20% of the respondents is average and the knowledge level of 64 % of the respondents is adequate. Hence majority of the respondents have adequate knowledge on waste management.

It is noted from the table 6 that the calculated value is greater than the table value of type of family, number. of people live in household, employment status and family's income (Rs.) per month hence the result is significant at 5% level. From the analysis it is concluded that there is close relationship between the demographic variables of type of family, no. of people live in household, employment status and family's income (Rs.) per month of the respondents and level of knowledge regarding the waste management.

This section dealt with association of attitude of women regarding the household waste management related to the demographic variables. The cross tabulation analysis was employed effectively and the results of chi square analysis were observed and shown in Table 7. It shows that the attitude level of 21 % of the respondents is low, the attitude level of 25 % of the respondents is medium and the attitude level of 53 % of the respondents is high. Hence the attitude level of majority of the respondents is high on household waste management.

It is noted from the table 7 that the p value is less than 0.05 for the demographic variable of educational status, employment status and family's income (Rs.) per month hence the result is significant at 5% level. From the analysis it is concluded that there is close relationship between the educational status and family's income (Rs.) per month and level of attitude regarding the household waste management.

Section IV: Table 8: Correlation between the levels of knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management.

The correlation between the levels of knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management is studied by applying the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation and its significance also tested.

Correlations	Over all attitude
Over all Knowledge	0.597**

It is observed from the table 8 that there is high level positive significant correlation is observed between the knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management.

MAJOR FINDINGS:

Findings on assessment of knowledge score and attitude score of women regarding household waste management:

The knowledge was ranged between 2 and 12 with an average of 9.75 with the mean % of 81.22

Maximum number of women (64%) has adequate knowledge, followed by (20%) average knowledge and (16%) inadequate knowledge. Thus it can be concluded that maximum number of women (64%) had adequate knowledge regarding household waste management.

The overall attitude was ranged between 14 and 34 with an average of 23.39 with the mean% of 44.99.

Maximum (53.34%) women had highly positive attitude followed by (25.33%) medium level and (21.33%) women had low level of attitude towards household waste management. Thus, it can be concluded that maximum women had positive attitude towards household waste management.

Findings on association between the levels of knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management with respect to their demographic variables:

Findings of the present study revealed that age, marital status, religion, types of family, Number of the people in the household, types of house, educational status, employment status, family’s monthly income (Rs.) has significant relationship between knowledge and attitude regarding household waste management.

From the analysis was concluded that there is close relationship between the demographic variables of type of family, no. of people live in household, employment status and family's income (Rs.) per month of the respondents and level of knowledge regarding the waste management. It was also concluded that there is close relationship between the educational status and family's income (Rs.) per month and level of attitude regarding the household waste management.

Findings on correlation between the levels of knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management:

The study revealed that there was high level positive significant correlation observed between the knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management.

CONCLUSION:

The present study deals with assessing the knowledge and attitude of women regarding household waste management in selected urban community of Patna, Bihar.

Self-Structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale was used to collect the data. The data obtained was analyzed in terms of objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data presented in the form of tables and figures.

Thus, it was concluded that the women had adequate knowledge and had positive attitude regarding household management.

LIMITATIONS:

This study was limited to the women residing in the selected areas of the Patna, Bihar.

IMPLICATIONS:

The implications of the present study are discussed under following headings: Nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration, nursing research.

Nursing Practice:

The nurse has a key role in disseminating the health information. Nursing personnel are in a position to provide education, guidance about proper household waste management. Findings of the present study will help the nurse educator to plan & educate the women regarding proper household waste management.

Nursing Education:

The present study emphasizes on the enhancements in the knowledge of the women regarding household management. Nurses can distribute information by leaflets regarding household management. Nurses should be encouraged to attend conference, journal club presentation on household management. Nurse educator can utilize the findings to educate women having inadequate knowledge household management.

Nursing Administration:

Necessary administrative support should be conducted healthy education programmer regarding management of household waste to women in community area. For conducting such teaching activities, necessary equipment, A.V. aids and financial support should be provided by administrative authority.

Nursing Research:

Extensive research must be conducted in these areas to identify several more effective method of education. This study also brings about the fact that more studies need to be done at different setting which is culturally acceptable for better teaching strategies.

RECOMENDATION:

Based on findings of the study, it is recommended that:

1. Similar study can be conducted on large sample.

2. A study may be under taken to assess that effectiveness of structure teaching regarding household waste management.

3. Findings can utilise to generate hypothesis in specific problem associated with household waste management.

SUMMARY:

This chapter has deal with the discussion, summary, conclusion and recommendations of future studies.

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Received on 04.04.2019 Modified on 13.05.2019

Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2019; 7(3): 318-324.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2660.2019.00072.3